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It was probably brought to England as Old French crimne (12th century form of Modern French crime), from Latin crimen (in the genitive case: criminis). In 13th century English crime meant "sinfulness", according to the Online Etymology Dictionary. The Ancient Greek word κρίμα, krima, from which the Latin cognate derives, typically referred to an intellectual mistake or an offense against the community, rather than a private or moral wrong. Originally the Latin word crīmen meant " charge" or "cry of distress". The word crime is derived from the Latin root cernō, meaning "I decide, I give judgment". When Quinney states "crime is a social phenomenon" he envisages both how individuals conceive crime and how populations perceive it, based on societal norms.
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The sociologist Richard Quinney has written about the relationship between society and crime. Historically, several premodern societies believed that non-human animals were capable of committing crimes, and prosecuted and punished them accordingly. Usually, a natural person perpetrates a crime, but legal persons may also commit crimes. Some jurisdictions have penal codes written to inflict permanent harsh punishments: legal mutilation, capital punishment, or life without parole. Legal sanctions vary widely in their severity they may include (for example) incarceration of temporary character aimed at reforming the convict. In addition, authorities provide remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system. Governing or administering agencies may for example codify rules into laws, police citizens and visitors to ensure that they comply with those laws, and implement other policies and practices that legislators or administrators have prescribed with the aim of discouraging or preventing crime. With institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the state can compel populations to conform to codes and can opt to punish or attempt to reform those who do not conform.Īuthorities employ various mechanisms to regulate (encouraging or discouraging) certain behaviors in general. When informal relationships prove insufficient to establish and maintain a desired social order, a government or a state may impose more formalized or stricter systems of social control. Breaches of private law ( torts and breaches of contract) are not automatically punished by the state, but can be enforced through civil procedure. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime. Usually, to be classified as a crime, the "act of doing something criminal" ( actus reus) must – with certain exceptions – be accompanied by the "intention to do something criminal" ( mens rea). Some jurisdictions sentence individuals to programs to emphasize or provide for their rehabilitation while most jurisdictions sentence individuals with the goal of punishing them or a mix of the aforementioned practices. If found guilty, an offender may be sentenced to a form of reparation such as a community sentence, or, depending on the nature of their offence, to undergo imprisonment, life imprisonment or, in some jurisdictions, death. In modern societies, there are procedures to which investigations and trials must adhere. The state ( government) has the power to severely restrict one's liberty for committing a crime. While many have a catalogue of crimes called the criminal code, in some common law nations no such comprehensive statute exists. What precisely is a criminal offence is defined by the criminal law of each relevant jurisdiction.
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The notion that acts such as murder, rape, and theft are to be prohibited exists worldwide. Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society, or the state ("a public wrong"). The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. The term crime does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes. In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. Illegal behavior defined by existing criminal law